Introduction to planning and decision-making
Geography has a significant role in planning and decision-making, as it is the only academic discipline that involves the study of both natural and human sciences in terms of spatial relationships. A study of this nature should involve an issue or problem that has major geographical significance. A number of interest groups with different attitudes, values and goals should also be involved.
A variety of interacting natural and cultural processes should be identified. Goals, objectives and strategies to achieve these, should be identified and evaluated. The evaluation involving Hill's Goal and Achievement Matrix leads to decision-making and the completion of a development plan. The Planning Process Model is shown in Figure 9, the Decision Making Model in Figure 10.
Simulation scenario: Akaroa
The fictional planning simulation presented here is based on Tourism in Akaroa. The issue that has geographical significance is the proposal by a multi-national hotel chain to build a luxury Maori tourist village and resort in Akaroa. Each of the interest groups involved in tourism in Akaroa has been surveyed on its values, attitudes and goals, in relation to the proposal, as shown below. Note that this proposal is a simulation only. No such development has been proposed.
Interest groups – values, attitudes and goals
Christchurch City Council: The Council’s attitude is generally to seek the best overall direction of tourism development locally. There is some concern regarding the cost to ratepayers of the new infrastructure (roads, water supply and sewerage disposal) that would be required.
Department of Conservation: The Department is concerned about the increased tourist numbers and their effect on the dolphins and other native wildlife and plant species.
Tourism Operators: Some operators are positive and look forward to increased business, while others believe it will result in a downturn in their business.
Maori: Maori have serious concerns about large operators moving into Akaroa. They believe it will result in further commodification of their culture. Many believe such development will benefit them in no way as it will be owned and operated by foreign investors. Furthermore, the village will provide opposition to the nearby Onuku Village.
Tourism Workers: Tourism workers are positive about the increased employment opportunities and the extension of the tourist season. Many hope more full time jobs will be available for the whole year.
Residents: Residents are strongly opposed, pointing out the problems associated with increased traffic, strain on infrastructure and increases in rates. They say they do not want Akaroa to be taken over by outside groups.
International Resort Hotel Chain: The spokesperson for the developers state that the new resort will provide year round employment and produce spin-off benefits in increased local business.
Learning activities
- What is the issue on which the simulation is based?
- What are the goals suggested by the attitudes and values in each of the interest groups file?