Brown Kiwi
Known to have eaten cereal baits (Pierce & Montgomery 1992), but did not eat carrot baits even when starved for 24 hours in captivity (McLennan et al. 1992)- Of 40 brown kiwi radio-tagged during 1080 cereal and jam operations, all survived (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- Large-scale stoat trapping in association with aerial 1080 needed to protect kiwi (Brown & Urlich 2005)
Pierce RJ., Montgomery PJ. 1992. The fate of birds and selected invertebrates during a 1080 operation. 121. Wellington, Department of Conservation.
McLennan J., Porter D., Cowan P. 1992. Compounds to prevent non-target animals from eating poisonous baits laid for possums. DSIR Land Resources contract report No. 92/55 (unpublished) 14 p.
Spurr & Powelsland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Brown & Urlich 2005 (PDF 464 KB)
Little Spotted Kiwi
Probably only exposed to 1080 baits once, in August 1984 on Kapiti Island. The population was not monitored, so 1080 impacts unknown (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Great Spotted Kiwi
- Have not been reported dead after 1080 aerial operations (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- Eight radio-tagged birds survived 6½ weeks and a further five survived 5 months after cereal bait application at Gouland Downs, Nelson (Walker 1997)
Walker KJ., 1997. Effect of aerial distribution of 1080 for possum control on weka, great-spotted kiwi, morepork and fernbird. Ecological Management 5
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Kokako
Of 319 kokako monitored during ten 1080-poisoning operations, only four have disappeared (Pierce & Montgomery 1992; Fanning 1994; Spurr 1994b)- Therefore unlikely that 1080 has an impact on kokako (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
Pierce, R. J. and Montgomery, P. J. The fate of birds and selected invertebrates during a 1080 operation. 121. 1992. Wellington, Department of Conservation. 1992
Fanning, J. Effects of an aerial 1080 operation on kokako (Callaeas cinerea wilsoni) in the Hunua Ranges 1994. 1994. Auckland, Auckland Regional Council
Spurr,E.B., 1994b. Review of the impacts on non-target species of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in baits for brushtail possum control in New Zealand. In: Seawright,A.A., Eason,C.T. (Eds.), Proceedings of the science workshop on 1080 Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, pp. 124-133.
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Whio (Blue Duck)
Unlikely to eat either carrot or cereal baits and their stream insect prey is unlikely to be contaminated by 1080 (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)- In 1989 there was no reduction in visual counts at Otira Valley after a 1080 cereal operation (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- In 1994 19 radio-tagged whio survived at least four weeks after 1080 in Pureora (Greene 1998)
Greene TC. The effects of compound 1080 on populations of specific non-target species, Waihaha Ecological Area, Pureora Forest Park, winter 1994. 69. 1998. Science for Conservation, Department of Conservation. 1998.
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Pateke (Brown Teal)
Not known to have been present during any 1080 aerial control operation (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Titipounamu (Rifleman)
Have been found dead after several 1080 operations using carrot (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)- Five riflemen were found dead after screened carrot bait in Pureora Forest Park, in 1994 (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- No populations have been monitored by following individually-marked birds (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Miromiro (Tomtit)
Tomtits have been found dead after 1080 operations, especially in the 1970s with unscreened carrot bait (Spurr & Powlesland 1997). For example, In one operation using carrot bait in Cone State Forest, Southland, in 1977, no tomtits were seen or heard 2 weeks afterwards (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)- This tomtit population took 3 years to return to pre-poison levels (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- Tomtits are significantly less susceptible to 1080 when cereal rather than carrot bait is used (Westbrooke et al. 2003; Westbrooke & Powelsland 2005)
- More recently, in Pureora Forest Park in 1994, no tomtits were seen or heard immediately after a 1080 operation (Nugent et al. 1996)
- It seems that tomtit death rates are high (>25%) after 1080 operations (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- Tomtit population recovery has been monitored by 5-minute counts during twenty 1080 operations, and overall numbers were similar before and 2-8 weeks afterwards (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
Nugent G., Sweetapple P., Whitford J. 1996. Waihaha after poisoning – What can you see? Maniapoto Hunters’ Newsletter No. 10, 5-6.
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Westbrooke et al. 2003 (PDF 250 KB)
Westbrooke & Powlesland 2005 (PDF 96 KB)
Weka
Weka are known to eat both carrot and cereal baits (Spurr 1993). They have been found dead occasionally after 1080 operations (Spurr 1994b)- In 1994, 24 radio-tagged weka were monitored during cereal bait operations. One was found dead, the other 23 were alive 4 weeks after 1080 application (Walker 1997; Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- In a further study 8 radio-tagged weka survived aerial application of Wanganui No. 7 cereal baits (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- Green baits less attractive to weka, hence offer some degree of protection (Hartley et al. 2000)
- In another study, 15 radio-tagged weka survived 1080 operation, though 5 died before it, some by stoats (Van Klink & Tansell 2003)
- From the existing literature it appears there is a small risk of weka being poisoned as a result of 1080 aerial application.
Spurr EB. 1994b. Review of the impacts on non-target species of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in baits for brushtail possum control in New Zealand. In: Seawright AA., Eason CT. (Eds.), Proceedings of the science workshop on 1080. Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, pp. 124-133.
Walker KJ. 1997. Effect of aerial distribution of 1080 for possum control on weka, great-spotted kiwi, morepork and fernbird. Ecological Management 5Hartley L., Wass J., O'Connor C., Matthews L. 2000. Colour preferences and coloured bait consumption by weka Gallirallus australis, an endemic New Zealand rail. Biological Conservation 93, 255-263.
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Spurr 1993 (PDF 61 KB)
Van Klink & Tansel 2003 (PDF 60 KB)
Matata (Fernbird)
Has not been found dead after 1080 operations (Spurr 1991)- Fourteen birds, including two banded, were alive before and 5 weeks after a 1080 cereal operation (Pierce & Montgomery 1992)
- Of nine birds banded five months before a cereal operation, five were located two weeks after, other four couldn’t be found (Walker 1997)
Spurr EB. 1991. Effects of brushtail possum control operations on non-target bird populations. Acta XX Congressus Intrnationalis Ornithologici: 2534-2545.
Pierce RJ., Montgomery PJ. 1992. The fate of birds and selected invertebrates during a 1080 operation. 121. Wellington, Department of ConservationWalker KJ. 1997. Effect of aerial distribution of 1080 for possum control on weka, great-spotted kiwi, morepork and fernbird. Ecological Management 5.
Tui
In 1984 a tui was found dead after a 1080 carrot operation on Kapiti Island (Sherley 1992)- Tui populations have been monitored by 5-minute counts during eleven 1080 operations. Numbers were similar before and 2-8 weeks afterwards (Spurr 1991)
- No tui populations have been monitored by following individually-marked birds (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- On removal of possums on Rangitoto Island, tui numbers increased. Probably linked to increased pohutukawa flowering (Spurr & Anderson 2004)
Sherley GH. 1992. Eradication of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) on Kapiti Island, New Zealand: techniques and methods. Science and Research Series No 46. Department of Conservation. 31p
Spurr EB. 1991. Effects of brushtail possum control operations on non-target bird populations. Acta XX Congressus Intrnationalis Ornithologici: 2534-2545
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Spurr & Anderson 2004 (PDF 80 KB)
Pukeko
Pukeko are known to eat both cereal and carrot baits, but are rarely found in areas subject to 1080 operations for possums (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)- Pukeko have been found dead after 1080 operations for rabbits (Batcheler 1978)
- No pukeko populations have been monitored by following individually-marked birds
Batcheler CL. 1978. Compound 1080, its properties, effectiveness, dangers and use. Report to Minister of Forests and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries. Unpublished NZ Forest Service Report
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Kaka
Known to eat carrot and cereal baits (Lloyd & Hackwell 1993; Spurr 1993)- One was found dead (and contained 1080) after an unscreened carrot bait 1080 operation in 1977 (Spurr 1994b)
- None of 17 radio-tagged kaka killed by aerially application of 1080 carrot bait (Powlesland et al. 2003)
- Have been monitored with 5-minute counts after five aerial 1080 operations: (Spurr 1994b)
3 showed stable numbers
1 showed decrease
1 showed increase
- Radio-tag study of 21 kaka showed all survived for the month they were monitored (Greene 1998).
Lloyd B., Hackwell K. 1993. A trial to determine whether kaka consume carrot baits, Kapiti Is., May 1993. Science and Research Series 62. Wellington, Department of Conservation
Spurr EB. 1994b. Review of the impacts on non-target species of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in baits for brushtail possum control in New Zealand. In: Seawright AA., Eason CT. (Eds.), Proceedings of the science workshop on 1080 Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, pp. 124-133.
Greene TC. 1998. The effects of compound 1080 on populations of specific non-target species, Waihaha Ecological Area, Pureora Forest Park, winter 1994. Science for Conservation 69, Department of Conservation
Powlesland et al. 2003 (PDF 438 KB)
Spurr 1993 (PDF 61 KB)
Toutouwai (Robin)
Robins have been found dead after 1080 operations, especially in the 1970s with unscreened carrot bait (Harrison 1978; Spurr 1991)- Even with screened baits, robins are still found dead (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- Robins have been seen flying off with carrot bait (Lloyd & Hackwell 1993), and pecking at cereal baits (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- In Kapiti Island trials in 1993, 56% of 34 robins ate non-toxic cereal bait (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- In 1996, 12 of 22 colour-banded robins (55%) disappeared within two weeks of a 1080 carrot operation (Spurr & Powlesland 1997). Two found dead contained 1080 residues.
- In 1997 minimal small bait particles were used, mortality less that 10% (Spurr & Powlesland 1997; Powlesland et al. 1999b)
- Robin population recovery has been monitored by 5-minute counts during eleven 1080 operations.
- Numbers were similar before and 2-8 weeks afterwards for nine operations, and in one they increased and one the decreased (Spurr 1994b)
Harrison M., 1978. 1080. Wildlife – a review 9, 48-53
Spurr EB. 1991. Effects of brushtail possum control operations on non-target bird populations. Acta XX Congressus Intrnationalis Ornithologici: 2534-2545
Lloyd B., Hackwell K. 1993. A trial to determine whether kaka consume carrot baits, Kapiti Is., May 1993. Science and Research Series 62. Wellington, Department of ConservationSpurr EB. 1994b. Review of the impacts on non-target species of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in baits for brushtail possum control in New Zealand. In: Seawright AA., Eason CT. (Eds.), Proceedings of the science workshop on 1080. Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, pp. 124-133
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Powlesland et al. 1999b (PDF 513 KB)