Kereru
Known to eat carrot baits (Lloyd & Hackwell 1993; Spurr 1994b) and may eat cereal baits though none of six did during a Kapiti Island trial (Spurr & Powlesland 1997).- At least 8 kereru have been found dead after 1080-carrot operations (Spurr 1994b; Greene 1998; Marsh 1996).
- None are known to have been found dead after cereal operations (Spurr & Powlesland 1997).
- None of 15 radio-tagged kereru died after an aerial 1080 carrot operation (Powlesland et al. 2003).
- Trapping and poisoning of rats and possums has restored kukupa numbers and fledging success in Motatau Forest, Northland (Innes et al. 2004).
Lloyd B., Hackwell K. 1993. A trial to determine whether kaka consume carrot baits, Kapiti Is., May 1993. Science and Research Series 62. Department of Conservation Wellington.
Spurr EB. 1994b. Review of the impacts on non-target species of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in baits for brushtail possum control in New Zealand. In: Seawright AA., Eason CT. (Eds.), Proceedings of the science workshop on 1080. Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, pp. 124-133Greene TC. 1998. The effects of compound 1080 on populations of specific non-target species, Waihaha Ecological Area, Pureora Forest Park, winter 1994. Science for Conservation 69, Department of Conservation
Marsh S. 1996. Kokako monitoring through an aerial 1080 carrot operation (Pureora Forest 1996). Unpublished Report, Waikato Conservancy, Department of Conservation, Hamilton. 10p
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Innes et al. 2004 (PDF 114 KB)
Powlesland et al. 2003 (PDF 438 KB)
Kokako
Of 319 kokako monitored during ten 1080-poisoning operations, only four have disappeared (Pierce & Montgomery 1992; Fanning 1994; Spurr 1994b)- Therefore unlikely that 1080 has an impact on kokako (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
Pierce RJ., Montgomery PJ. 1992. The fate of birds and selected invertebrates during a 1080 operation. 121. Wellington, Department of Conservation
Fanning J. 1994. Effects of an aerial 1080 operation on kokako (Callaeas cinerea wilsoni) in the Hunua Ranges 1994. Auckland, Auckland Regional Council
Spurr EB., 1994b. Review of the impacts on non-target species of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in baits for brushtail possum control in New Zealand. In: Seawright AA., Eason CT. (Eds.), Proceedings of the science workshop on 1080. Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, pp. 124-133
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Titipounamu (Rifleman)
Have been found dead after several 1080 operations using carrot (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)- Five riflemen were found dead after screened carrot bait in Pureora Forest Park, in 1994 (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- No populations have been monitored by following individually-marked birds (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Korimako (Bellbird)
Bellbirds have not been found dead after 1080 aerial operations (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)- Bellbird populations have been monitored by 5-minute counts during thirteen 1080 operations. Numbers were similar before and 2-8 weeks afterwards (Spurr 1991)
- No bellbird populations have been monitored by following individually-marked birds (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
Spurr EB., 1991. Effects of brushtail possum control operations on non-target bird populations. Acta XX Congressus Intrnationalis Ornithologici: 2534-2545
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Tui
In 1984 a tui was found dead after a 1080 carrot operation on Kapiti Island (Sherley 1992)- Tui populations have been monitored by 5-minute counts during eleven 1080 operations. Numbers were similar before and 2-8 weeks afterwards (Spurr 1991)
- No tui populations have been monitored by following individually-marked birds (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- On removal of possums on Rangitoto Island, tui numbers increased. Probably linked to increased pohutukawa flowering (Spurr & Anderson 2004)
Sherley GH. 1992. Eradication of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) on Kapiti Island, New Zealand: techniques and methods. Science and Research Series No 46. Department of Conservation. 31p
Spurr EB. 1991. Effects of brushtail possum control operations on non-target bird populations. Acta XX Congressus Intrnationalis Ornithologici: 2534-2545
Spurr & Anderson 2004 (PDF 80 KB)
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Pukeko
Pukeko are known to eat both cereal and carrot baits, but are rarely found in areas subject to 1080 operations for possums (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)- Pukeko have been found dead after 1080 operations for rabbits (Batcheler 1978)
- No pukeko populations have been monitored by following individually-marked birds
Batcheler CL. 1978. Compound 1080, its properties, effectiveness, dangers and use. Report to Minister of Forests and Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries. Unpublished NZ Forest Service Report
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Toutouwai (Robin)
Robins have been found dead after 1080 operations, especially in the 1970s with unscreened carrot bait (Harrison 1978; Spurr 1991)- Even with screened baits, robins are still found dead (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- Robins have been seen flying off with carrot bait (Lloyd & Hackwell 1993), and pecking at cereal baits (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- In Kapiti Island trials in 1993, 56% of 34 robins ate non-toxic cereal bait (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- In 1996, 12 of 22 colour-banded robins (55%) disappeared within two weeks of a 1080 carrot operation (Spurr & Powlesland 1997). Two found dead contained 1080 residues.
- In 1997 minimal small bait particles were used, mortality less that 10% (Spurr & Powlesland 1997; Powlesland et al. 1999b)
- Robin population recovery has been monitored by 5-minute counts during eleven 1080 operations.
- Numbers were similar before and 2-8 weeks afterwards for nine operations, and in one they increased and one the decreased (Spurr 1994b)
Harrison M. 1978. 1080. Wildlife – a review 9, 48-53
Spurr EB. 1991. Effects of brushtail possum control operations on non-target bird populations. Acta XX Congressus Intrnationalis Ornithologici: 2534-2545Lloyd B., Hackwell K. 1993. A trial to determine whether kaka consume carrot baits, Kapiti Is., May 1993. Science and Research Series 62. Department of Conservation, Wellington.
Spurr EB. 1994b. Review of the impacts on non-target species of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in baits for brushtail possum control in New Zealand. In: Seawright AA., Eason CT. (Eds.), Proceedings of the science workshop on 1080. Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, pp. 124-133
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Powlesland et al. 1999b (PDF 513 KB)
Weka
Weka are known to eat both carrot and cereal baits (Spurr 1993). They have been found dead occasionally after 1080 operations (Spurr 1994b)- In 1994, 24 radio-tagged weka were monitored during cereal bait operations. One was found dead, the other 23 were alive 4 weeks after 1080 application (Walker 1997; Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- In a further study 8 radio-tagged weka survived aerial application of Wanganui No. 7 cereal baits (Spurr & Powlesland 1997)
- Green baits less attractive to weka, hence offer some degree of protection (Hartley et al. 2000)
- In another study, 15 radio-tagged weka survived 1080 operation, though 5 died before it, some by stoats (Van Klink & Tansell 2005)
- From the existing literature it appears there is a small risk of weka being poisoned as a result of 1080 aerial application
Spurr EB. 1994b. Review of the impacts on non-target species of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in baits for brushtail possum control in New Zealand. In: Seawright AA., Eason CT. (Eds.), Proceedings of the science workshop on 1080. Royal Society of New Zealand, Wellington, pp. 124-133.
Walker KJ. 1997. Effect of aerial distribution of 1080 for possum control on weka, great-spotted kiwi, morepork and fernbird. Ecological Management 5Hartley L., Wass J., O'Connor C., Matthews L. 2000. Colour preferences and coloured bait consumption by weka Gallirallus australis, an endemic New Zealand rail. Biological Conservation 93, 255-263...
Spurr 1993 (PDF 61 KB)
Spurr & Powlesland 1997 (PDF 149 KB)
Van Klink & Tansel 2003 (PDF 60 KB)